The Republic Concept

The Republic Concept A republic is a nationhood that does not observe direct nevertheless it has a structure of administration in which some significant members of the group retain the supreme control over the government. They make decisions in reference to established law other than the head of states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Republic Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"The word republic is derived from a Latin phrase, ‘res publica,’ which means public affairs†[1]. Often a republic is seen as a sovereign state, though this should not be mistaken with other sub-national units that are described as to as a republic, or that have government that is described as republican in form[2]. For example, Article IV of the Constitution of the United States guarantees to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government. The Soviet Union was a single state made up of discrete and ostensibly sovereig n Soviet Socialist Republics†[3]. In many contexts, the term republic normally refers to a system of government that gets its powers from the governed rather than from default or excessive means, for instance inheritance or divine right.[4] â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu supported the idea of a republic, and recommended on the city-states of Greece as models†[5] Nonetheless, both also opined that a nation state like France, with a population of 20 million, was impractical to be administered as a republic. â€Å"Rousseau explained his ideal political structure of small autonomous communes, however Montesquieu noted that a city state was principally a republic, but held that a partial monarchy was more suited for to a large nation.†[6] In 1995, a Princeton survey research association conducted an interview randomly to adults where people were asked how much they trusted their government to do the right thing, 21 percent said most of the time, 71 percen t said only on sometimes. They were again asked the same question about their state government the result were slightly better since 30 percent said most of the time while 62 percent said only sometimes[7]. From these results we can conclude that the American people believe that their government is not doing the right thing in many of actions it takes. We know that nobody is perfect in this world but this numbers are so high resulting into some questions that needs answers such as, What caused this problem in the United States, what is the extend of this problem in our country, and is this distrust of our government even a serious problem at all?[8] The answer to these questions cannot be easily found reason being there is no exact cause of the problem that can be pinpointed though people claim that it is as a result of poor leadership. Two of the biggest drops in the publics confidence in the government occurred in 1964, during the bombing of Vietnam, and in 1972 during Watergate ( Nye) during the time President Johnson and President Nixon were in power.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although these two events may have contributed to the distrust of the American government, it does not necessarily mean that they are fully responsible to what is happened[9]. This happened 20 years ago and cannot be the cause of distrust to date because for one reason, the act of mistrust of the government has been growing consistently and cannot be compared to before. Therefore the problem cannot be pegged to the two leaders but the entire American political leaders.[10] Another survey was done in a 1995 where 35 percent of the respondents viewed the main reason why they did not trust the federal government is that politicians lack honesty and integrity another 45 percent said politicians are not concerned with the interests and well-being of the people. This results clearly show that there is no way people can trust there government as a whole if they do not trust those who make up the government. To know how wide spread the problem of distrust is in the American government ABC News polling organization did seven different polls between 1985-1987 asking, How much of the time do you trust the government in Washington to do what is right? Between 56-62 percent said sometimes or never.[11] In 1994, polls results showed that 15 percent of the American public had confidence in the federal government and only 30 percent had confidence in their state and local government. Distrust in United States government is not mainly from a small segment of people mainly the poor as many people think because from the research conducted we can see that Americans have very little trust in their political leaders.[12] It is clear distrust of the government by the people and this poses serious problems when it comes to governance and cooperation. Many people state th at the cynicism and distrust in America are not a problem at all. People say that mistrust of government has been around since the country’s beginning and is nothing to worry about they farther believe that America was founded with a mistrust of government that is king George of England. Another opinion is that people value the constitution so much even though they do not trust the every day activities of the government, 80% of Americans believe United States as the best place in the world to live and 19% say that they like the democratic system of government. Thy e fact that not all the Americans actions are mistrusted gives hope to the citizens to gain back trust in there government.[13]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Republic Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of people do not trust their government and its causes are varied. This trend, though it can be related to the type of polit icians that are being elected in the country and the peoples feelings towards those officials. Although some do not believe it is really a problem, it would be nice to be able to place some faith and trust is the people who lead and direct this country. It appears that the only way to do that is to elect individual people that we can trust and the only way to accomplish that is to become educated on the issues and vote.[14][15] Adams, Paul. Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970): pp. 397–421. Print. Anderson, Lisa. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1–15. Print. Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Prin t. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finer, Samuel. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Gelderen, Martin Skinner, Quentin. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002. Print. Haakonssen, Knud. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. Print. Hankins, James. â€Å"Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic.† Political Theory 38.4 (August 2010): 452-482. Print. Kramnick, Isaac. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Print. Maynor, John. Republicanism in the modern world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. Print. McCormick, John. Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge Schools Guicciardinian Moments' Political Theory, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003): pp. 615–643. Print. Nippel, Wilfried. Anci ent and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print. Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997. Print. Footnotes John Maynor. Republicanism in the modern world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 4. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Knud Haakonssen. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995, p. 15. Isaac Kramnick. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 36. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicani sm. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Bernard, Bailyn. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967, 56. Lisa Anderson. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1–15. William Everdell. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 136. Philip, Pettit. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, 147. Martin Gelderen Quentin Skinner. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002, 89. John, McCormick. Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge Schools Guicciardinian Moments' Political Theory, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003): pp. 615–643. Samuel, Finer. The History of Gov ernment from the Earliest Times. Oxford University Press, 1999, 245. James, Hankins. â€Å"Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic.† Political Theory 38.4 (August 2010): 452-482. Adams, Paul. Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970): pp. 397–421.

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1951 to 1959

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1951 to 1959 This  civil rights movement  timeline chronicles the fight for racial equality in its early days, the  1950s. That decade saw the first major victories for civil rights in the Supreme Court as well as the development of nonviolent protests and the transformation of Dr. Martin Luther King  Jr. into the movements preeminent leader. 1950 The U.S. Supreme Court strikes down the segregation of African Americans in graduate and law schools. The initial case was fought by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Marshall used this win to begin building a strategy to fight the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine established in 1896.   1951 Linda Brown, an 8-year-old girl in Topeka, Kan., lives within walking distance of a whites-only elementary school. Because of segregation, she has to travel by bus to a more distant school for African American children. Her father sues the school board of Topeka, and the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case. 1953 The Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tenn., which runs workshops on organizing protests for individuals such as union organizers, issues invitations to civil rights workers. 1954 The Supreme Court decides Brown v. Board of Education on May 17, arguing that separate but equal schools are inherently unequal. The decision legally prohibits school segregation, declaring it unconstitutional. 1955 Rosa Parks attends a workshop for civil rights organizers at the Highlander Folk School in July.On Aug. 28, Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago, is killed near Money, Miss., for allegedly whistling at a white woman.In November, the Federal Interstate Commerce Commission forbids segregation on interstate buses and trains.On Dec. 1, Rosa Parks refuses to give her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.On Dec. 5, the Montgomery Improvement Association is established by a group of local Baptist ministers. The organization elects the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.,  pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, president. In this role, King would lead the boycott. 1956 In January and February, whites angry about the Montgomery Bus Boycott bomb four African American churches and the homes of civil rights leaders King, Ralph Abernathy, and E.D. Nixon.On court order, the University of Alabama admits its first African American student, Autherine Lucy, but finds legal ways to prevent her attendance.On Nov. 13, the Supreme Court upholds an Alabama district court ruling in favor of the Montgomery bus boycotters.The Montgomery Bus Boycott ends in December, having successfully integrated Montgomerys buses. 1957 King, along with Ralph Abernathy and other Baptist ministers, helps found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in January. The organization serves to fight for civil rights, and King is elected its first president.The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, obstructs the integration of Little Rock High School, using the National Guard to block the entry of nine students. President Eisenhower orders federal troops to integrate the school.Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which creates the Civil Rights Commission and authorizes the Justice Department to investigate cases of African Americans being denied voting rights in the South. 1958 The Supreme Court decision Cooper v. Aaron rules that a threat of mob violence is not reason enough to delay school desegregation. 1959 Martin Luther King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, visit India, the homeland of Mahatma Gandhi, who won independence for India through nonviolent tactics. King discusses the philosophy of nonviolence with Gandhis followers. Updated by Femi Lewis.

What constitutes the Neo in Neorealism Is Neorealism an improvement on Essay

What constitutes the Neo in Neorealism Is Neorealism an improvement on traditional realism - Essay Example realism and neorealism in the light of artistic visual products such as paintings, drawings and film highlighting common aspects in philosophy and material use. In defining whether neorealism is an improvement of traditional realism close connection between uses of material, utilization of light and shadow to create realistic perception and conceptualization. Political neutralism has also been discussed highlighting ideological differences with traditional realism. Realism can be traced back to events in the 5th century when it was used reliably to chronicle and predict international relations (Crawford, 2000, p. 10-256). Recent developments such as globalization and economic warfare have made the world more complex redefining issues of interest. Politically there are five core premises of realism and neorealism. The central philosophies address causes of war and condition of peace (Crawford, 2000, p. 10-256). Realism holds that selfish interest in every person is the basis of conflict between nations which are collective platform of individualistic interest with each nation defending its interest. Power is the only negotiating factor in realism (Crawford, 2000, p. 10-256). Neorealism holds that lack of a formal global political system creates anarchic situation where nations feel perpetually threatened by others (Crawford, 2000, p. 10-256). To protect their interest each nation develops its central system that endeavors to protect its existen ce. System structure is necessary explanation depicting international system as a self-help system formed on the basis on security dilemma and powerful incentive for arms-races. Power and security are the central factors in neo-realism (Crawford, 2000, p. 10-256). Central actors are geographical regions defined as states which peruse their interest of autonomy, independence, security, survival, power, relative capabilities and positionality. Realism is based on inductive knowledge from history while neorealism is deductive

UK and US Financial Reporting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK and US Financial Reporting Ethics - Essay Example There are several reasons that strongly support this argument. For sometime now, the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and its international counterpart (IASB), have made progress in reducing these disparities between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. (IFRS) accounting rules are set to be followed by all public companies falling under the European Union but about 100 other countries are either already applying or weighing them up. In light of the changing nature of the international market, it is important that comparable transactions between competing companies in different regions be reported in the same way or the differences be understood by these companies so as to be able to understand the financial performance of a competitor. â€Å"Ethical values provide the foundation on which a civilized society exists.† (Smith K, 2003). Managers are faced almost on a daily basis a multitude of decisions that have to take into account variables such as profitability, personal advant age and overall benefits to the community, in the overall context of the correctness of these decisions. However, if integrity is allowed to become one of the possible variables, then it is most likely that it will be the first to be sacrificed at the altar of expediency. The purpose of ethics therefore, is to encourage, " [persons] to abide by a code of conduct that facilitatespublic services" (Smith, K 2003). To that end, there are many accounting organizations that have come to realize the need to establish a practical set of ethical guidelines. The Institute of Management Accountants for example, have established an ethics hotline'. As part of the services offered, "ethics counselors offer confidential advice, solace and comfort to management accountants who may have no other place to turn to for help"(Smith, K 2003). It is not known whether there is are any similar arrangements within the United Kingdom, but there have been attempts to address the issue. This is evident from th e response of the United Kingdom Share Holders Association's response to the ' Ethics Standards Board Consultation Paper' of May 2002. In this response, it clarifies the inter-se relationship between professional and corporate responsibilities. The report highlights that, "professional status is an implied contract: to serve society over and beyond all specific duty to client or employee in consideration of the privileges and protection society extends to that profession" (Setting the Agenda for Ethics, 2002). Moreover, many companies are now appointing ethics officers, charged with monitoring the ethical standards of their company as well as for uncovering fraudulent activities. This trend is also partly due to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act enacted in the United States in the wake of the Enron, WorldCom and other scandals. Scope for malpractice exists because accounting practices differ considerably from country to country and the nature of these practices can, and are, exploited through 'creative accounting'. The United States follows to concept of 'substance over form, while the European Union believes in giving a ' true and fair view' of a company's financial status. However, both concepts though in vogue, are subjective in nature and offer considerable scope for manipulation of figures. Depreciation in the United Kingdom for example, is determined according to custom, with "convention and pragmatism, rather than exact rules [determining methods of

Aristotle Virtue Theory Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Virtue Theory Essay Aristotle’s Virtue theory is based on Teleology and the Golden Mean. He says that to be virtuous that we need to act with excellence. He believed that everything on this earth has its own virtue, meaning that if it performs the way it’s supposed to by its nature then it is virtuous. He asserted that every event had four causes or four factors that work on it and to bring it into being; 1) Material Cause- the â€Å"stuff the thing is made of. 2) Efficient Cause- the force that has brought it into being. 3) Formal cause- the shape or idea (the Form) of the thing. 4) Final cause- the purpose of the thing. Virtue is not just for humans; it means that everything that exists has a purpose. The Golden Mean-is an action or feeling that corresponds to a particular situation at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, and for the right reason. Not too much, not too little, everything in moderation. It is what is â€Å"Good for man† where a human can excel, what a human is meant to do and where a human will find happiness. He determined that if we are able to choose the proper response to every situation in life then we are morally good. It is all about the reasonably thought  out decisions we make and the action we take after we have made them. The virtuous person finds and choses the one that is intermediate. These are human concerns that are constant and remain the same concerns throughout the ages. Since we are human beings and capable of rational decision making we can be prone to go toward one extreme or the other, we must beware of our own short comings. It is only through habitually practicing to try to make the right decisions that we can aspire to become virtuous. It is not our response to a single situation but how we respond as a general rule. We need to be consistent in our actions. Aristotle realized that this is something that doesn’t come overnight but that it takes time to mold ourselves. How we find out what the mean is in every situation is through reason, the more times we have done it and acted correctly the better we can build the habit of responding appropriately. He specifies that there are some acts that are just wrong by themselves, i. e. stealing, lying and murdering, and cannot be done in the right amount. There are also acts that cannot be done too often such as justice. You can never be â€Å"too just†. It takes a lifetime of training and commitment we are not inherently born this way. It is not enough that you just act on your intentions but you need to succeed in order to be virtuous. Once you have succeeded in living a virtuous life then as a virtuous person your future actions will be generally virtuous because you developed virtuous habits. There are three dispositions to every situation: two vices, one on either side of virtue which in the middle. Aristotle advises us to keep trying until we get it right. Some extremes are closer to the middle than others. If you don’t know which one to choose, stay away from the extreme that is more opposed to the mean than the other extreme. We each have our own ideals and failings but our responses to a situation need to remain flexible and a virtuous response will reveal itself. The appropriate way to handle the situation will fall within a range that is recognized by other virtuous people. He believed that there could be a perfectly virtuous person. He also believed that if you are virtuous in one respect but fail terribly in another then you have lost out completely. If you deviate only slightly you are still a virtuous person, a person who is good at being human and at realizing the human potential. His thoughts on courage were that if you had too little courage you were a coward and that if you had too much courage you could be fool hardy, rush in and make rash decisions. He felt that there was nothing wrong with enjoying pleasure, but if you overdid it you are intemperate. If you are not capable of enjoying pleasure at all then you are unimpressionable. The virtue is to know in what amount to enjoy your pleasure, which would be temperance. The key is to enjoy in moderation. His opinion on spending money was that if you spend too much you are prodigal and spend too little  you’re a miser, just the right amount at the right time on the right people for the right reason makes you liberal. It is also possible to overestimate your honor, and become vain or underestimate it and become humble. He described proper pride as the virtuous way to estimate yourself and your accomplishments. There is nothing wrong with feeling angry but you need to be even tempered. Being hot tempered is 1 / 2 a vice but so is also being meek. Let your anger be in proportion to the offense against you. Truthfulness is a virtue but his idea of a deficiency of truthfulness is irony â€Å"mock modesty†Ã‚  (downplaying the situation), the excess of truthfulness, bragging. It is all about assessing the situation and acting accordingly, don’t underplay the truth but don’t overplay the truth either. The sole reason for designing the development of virtuous character was that Aristotle felt that being virtuous makes you happy. Happiness is what is good for a man. A good life means a happy life, but a good person also means a moral person. We can be happy only if we are good. Our highest goal, our purpose as a human being, is to live well, be happy, and to do well. He also warned that if  we rely too much on pleasures that one day they won’t give us the thrill they used to. What is good for us can’t be something that harms us and over indulgence in too many pleasures can be harmful. The requirement of true happiness is that it must be stand the test of time. Something that no one can take away from us and that is not harmful but beneficial that would be our good reasoning and contemplation. The ultimate happy life is that of the life of a thinker. He did not believe in an afterlife or a god that watches over humanity. He states that the soul is the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"form† of a human and the body is the â€Å"matter†, but since form cannot exist separately from matter when the body dies the soul ceases to exist. Happiness is only for the living and must be achieved in the here and now for a person to have fulfilled their purpose. One of the weaknesses of Virtue Ethics is that Aristotle was talking about the ruling class. If there is to be equality for all then there needs to be a moral theory that everyone follows regardless of whom they are. The laws need to be reasonable and clear. Virtues were also too vague and weren’t helpful in solving problems. When you have two virtuous  people that disagree how can you tell which one is correct. How is it decided which one is more virtuous than the other? With a clear set of morals and laws the problem is much easier resolved. Also why can’t humans have more than one purpose? There are many people that are equally good at several different things. Look at the musician that is equally good at playing the guitar and singing. Which purpose are they supposed to choose? Aristotle’s Virtue theory is basically based on the fact that everything has a purpose and as humans our happiness is determined by the choices that we make. We should always strive to achieve our purpose whatever that may be and during that struggle hopefully we will achieve happiness. His theory may have some weaknesses but some of the ideas are supportable in my opinion. You need to use your logic to make informed decisions. Practice making the right choices, this practice will eventually turn into a habit. Make decisions that don’t cause harm to yourself or others. Lastly everything in moderation is a good rule to live by. This I believe will go a long way in helping human beings to achieve happiness. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

How the Oboe Works :: Expository Process Essays

How the Oboe Works      Ã‚  Ã‚   The oboe belongs to the group of instruments called the woodwinds.   However, it can be further classifies as all instruments can.   Instruments can be further classified by what vibrates to produce a sound.   In the case of the oboe it is air that vibrates and so it is classified as an aero phone, or enclosed or free masses of air.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three essential parts to every instrument. 1-The essential vibrating substance.   2-The connected reflector, amplifier, or resonator.   3-Other sound altering devices.   In the oboe these parts are the reed, the resonator, and the multiple keys.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The original source of air comes from the oboist blowing air into the reed.   The oboe has a double reed.   When air is blown it goes over and under the reeds and causes them to vibrate.   When both of these reeds are vibrating they pinch together rapidly.   This consequently disturbs the stream of air that is passing between the reeds.   This disturbance causes air molecules to bunch up leaving an empty space behind them.   The bunch of molecules is called a condensation, and the somewhat empty space of thinned out molecules is called a rare fraction.   The condensation and rare fraction of the air molecules are characteristics of a longitudinal or sound wave.   This process happens very rapidly, and is obviously followed briefly by the next puff of air, making the wave continuous.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This wave passes through the resonator.   The resonator is an object that has a specific period of vibration.   The air passes through the resonator.   This creates a specifically ordered vibration, and a constant frequency.   That is why resonators are often used in instruments to reinforce the sound of a pitch.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This specifically vibrating air enters the length of the oboe.   The bore is the interior diameter of the oboe.   It has a conical shape in the case of the oboe.   The diameter at the top of the bore is smaller than the diameter at the bottom of the bore.   As well as being conical the bore is also very narrow in the oboe.   Therefore, when the air is in the bore it is at a higher pressure at the top than at the bottom, because the air passes from a smaller opening to a larger opening.

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay

This rationale focuses on the four areas of ‘Negotiating with Learners’, ‘Inclusive Learning’, ‘Integrating Functional Skills’ and ‘Communication’. During my research I will draw upon a range of sources which include the internet, books, organisation media (leaflets) and lessons learned. Teaching processes should be cooperative between the student and tutor. To this end tutors should plan strategies like initial assessments, agreeing on learning goals and possible actions to be taken by in order to empower learners to achieve these goals. Petty, G (2009, p530) states: â€Å"Each learner is unique and has individual needs. If the needs of our learners are discovered, the chances of success are greatly increased.† thus as a starting point initial assessments should be carried out prior to commencing a programme of education. Different learners have different learning needs and tutors must know their learners well to judge these requirements. This could be undertaken via a range of questions during the enrolment process, forms or/and questionnaires. Information obtained should be kept confidential so learners feel free to disclose as much information about themselves and their learning needs as possible. Agreeing goals and actions should be accomplished between learners and tutors. The effect being the learner will also feel that his/her views and opinions are being heard and taken into consideration. The advantages to the tutor being that the learner understands their responsibility to advance their own education and tasks/objectives/deadlines required to do so. The tutor should monitor the process to make sure learners reach their learning targets along the way and amend goals by agreement setting new actions when objectives are not reached.

Computer Technology During The 70’s 80’s And 90’s Essay

Computer technology during the 70’s 80’s and 90’s Computer technology took a great leap in development during the 70’s when schools, businesses, and universities began to use computers. The 70’s would have to be the beginning of the technology of computers, as we know it today. The personal computer became big in the 80’s. Now computers are being updated daily, if not hourly. During the 70’s computers and computer use began to become known by everyone. This period was a time for development and improvement. The 70’s was where many things we use today were introduced; although what we have today is far more improved. This time wasn’t the beginning of all computers, but it was the beginning for many things, including the microprocessor, microcomputer, and the all so important, personal computer. In the early 70’s we already had some types of computers which were developed in previous years. They consisted of a hard drive a type of keyboard and mostly a very small screen. Moving into the 70’s we started developing more useful things like the floppy disk. This made it possible to store information onto a removable disk that could be transferred to other compatible computers. We also see the first microprocessor, which is a type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry necessar y to perform the functions. Before it took large machines to hold this memory where now it can be programmed on a small chip. In this period we also see the first IBM laser printer and also the first IBM ink jet printer. Bill Gates and Paul Allen also introduce Microsoft during this time. A development during the late 70’s and maybe the most important development during this time was the personal computer, also known as the PC. The PC is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. A personal computer is a type of microcomputer, or in other words, a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. The first PC consisted of a CPU (central processing unit), memory a keyboard and a display screen. A typical personal computer today consists of a CPU, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive, a display screen , keyboard, mouse, modem, printer, and external memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CD-ROMs (compact disc read-only memory). The IBM 5100 Portable Computer was IBM’s first attempt to build a personal  computer back in 1974. Weighing in at 50 pounds and costing around $10,000, the IBM 5100 had a built-in tape drive, a small CRT and the capability of running programs in either BASIC or APL (A Programming Language, created by IBM). The monitor could display 16 lines of 64 characters each, the memory could be expanded to 64K, and the tape drive used a 1/4 inch tape cartridge similar to an 8-track stereo tape that could store about 200 K of data. Although designed to be a small business computer, the high cost and lack of interfacing capability limited the acceptance of what could be called the first personal computer, the IBM 5100. The 1980’s were also an important time for computer technology. In this period we see many programs being introduced. The 70’s was the main time for computer technology, but the 80’s was the time for building onto what computing already was. During this time period computers started becoming more advanced, with more memory, faster loading time, and smaller devices, which hold even more memory. IBM, one of the largest computer companies during this time hired Microsoft to develop an operating system for their proposed personal computer. This is when Bill Gates and Microsoft develop Microsoft DOS (MS-DOS). Osborne hits big in 1980 with building the first portable computer â€Å"Osborne I.† Although they were going well for a while, in 1982 the Osborne Co. went out of business. The internet was first introduced in the mid 70’s, but it wasn’t the internet as we know today. There were very few hosts, nothing like today. The 80’s was the gateway into the internet of today. In 1984 the number of internet hosts broke 1000, 10,000 in 1987, and it broke 100,000 in 1989. Today there are millions. The new and improved mailing system is introduced, we know it as e-mail. IBM, Apple, Mackintosh were making upgrades on their systems monthly, making them faster and modernizing them slightly. Microsoft was a big factor in upgrading the computer system. In 1983 they introduced Windows, the most commonly used program today. Microsoft also introduces Dos 3.0

Better Be Ready Bout Half Past Eight Essay Essays

Better Be Ready Bout Half Past Eight Essay Essays Better Be Ready Bout Half Past Eight Essay Paper Better Be Ready Bout Half Past Eight Essay Paper Some people go through life contemplating on if they really know their true sexuality. Many people know right off the bat they are heterosexual. Other people have questions about whether they Like one sex or the other. In the story, Better Be Ready Bout Half Past Eight, written by Alison Baker, Each had spent a lot of years knowing that he wanted to be a woman. Byron, a friend from work, was not ready to see his friend have a sex change or accept that he was a homosexual. Through the story, Byron goes through different emotions and even goes as far as trying to be a little more metro sexual himself. He finds that even though having a sex change is not for him, that It could possibly be the right thing for Jack to do. People go their entire life trying to figure what life Is all about, sometimes It takes a sex change to help with this process. Each was afraid of telling his long time friend and co-workers that he was going to become a woman. With as much television people watch, and the freedom television has to show pretty much whatever they want, people are desensitizing from people having sex changes. Although, when Chastity Bono had her sex change, the media blew It up. Having a daughter from the famous couple, Sonny and Cheer, have a rearranged change was unreal to the world. Chastity, now known as Chase, had the same thoughts and feelings as Jack They both knew they were different from when they were kids. Dealing with this big of a situation, as a young person, is mind boggling. Having the stress of what should be for an adult could really make a person mature a lot faster. Every person goes through it, but a lot of people dont go through the life changing decision Each has. As Byron tries to comprehend what Each has told him, he In turns goes through a bunch of life questions. Being an adult and having a friend of 38 years all of a Eden decided he wants to become a woman is hard to deal with. People become comfortable with the way everything is in their life. When people decide to change their sex its an uncommon situation. It makes people step back, and take another look at the world to see what else is different or changing. Byron is confused with Coachs decision as well. Byron doesnt understand how you can g your whole life as a man and then all of a sudden change what you are. The world Is a different place then it was 20 years ago. People are more open to change, yet some people cant understand why things need to change. While Byron tries to cope with this change in his friend, he as well tries to do some changing. While at a store Byron sits at a makeup counter to have some applied to his face. He notices that people look at him as an outcast or different. As he went back to work. He finally was seen by Jack, now known as Zoe, and noticed Byron with the makeup. Zoe then said, the makeup Youre trying to be something youre not (1243). Byron Is not the type to wear makeup, but when people try to figure life out, they tend to try the extreme to see if it helps on understanding. Byron finds out that it does help to understand. Zoos life altering surgery is something that she has wanted for a while. While it could possibly change his career status, he still is ready to take on all challenges. When people look at a person who has had a sex change, majority of them dont see a normal person, teen see a Treat I . As enrolled Ana Lusting mina set, out teen customs and courtesies that were instilled into the youth show this change as not appropriate. Society doesnt see this as something that could possibly benefit this person and the world. Megan Wallet is a perfect example of a person who has had a sex change, and is benefiting our society. She once was known as Michael Wallet, and had the same thoughts and feeling as Zoe. He knew that he was a woman who was trapped in a males body. Megan was an up and coming manager at Microsoft. He knew that by having this sex change, it could affect his position and promoting at the business. After everything was said and done Megan is now one position with being the vice president of Microsoft. Although Zoe does not want to continue her career at the lab, she does believe that this sex change gives her a second chance to try something new. Having a second chance in life, is something that everyone could consider having. Just some people dont want to go to the extent of having a sex change to get it. Megan is a true life example that choices that they take to have a sex change could benefit themselves. People think they have life all figured out, even kids think they have life figured out. Lots of people still in their lifetime will not have figured life out. With the process of sex change, Zoe believes it will help her to get on the right track to getting closer to this question. The change Just has to be accepted by her peers and by her best friend. Once they know why shes doing it, and how it will help her in life, then will hey know why and how its a good thing.

How Social Security Numbers Are Assigned

How Social Security Numbers Are Assigned The nine-digit Social Security Number (SSN) is composed of three parts: The first set of three digits is called the Area NumberThe second set of two digits is called the Group NumberThe final set of four digits is the Serial Number Area Number The Area Number is assigned by the geographical region. Prior to 1972, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the Area Number represented the State in which the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be the State where the applicant lived since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since 1972, when SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application. The applicants mailing address does not have to be the same place as their residence. Thus, the Area Number does not necessarily represent the State of residence of the applicant, either prior to 1972 or since. Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving westward. So people on the east coast have the lowest numbers and those on the west coast have the highest numbers. Group Number Within each area, the group numbers (middle two digits) range from 01 to 99 but are not assigned in consecutive order. For administrative reasons, group numbers issued first consist of the ODD numbers from 01 through 09 and then EVEN numbers from 10 through 98, within each area number allocated to a State. After all numbers in group 98 of a particular area have been issued, the EVEN Groups 02 through 08 are used, followed by ODD Groups 11 through 99. These numbers do not really provide any clues for genealogy purposes. Group numbers are assigned as follows: First: ODD - 01, 03, 05, 07, 09Second: EVEN - 10 to 98Third: EVEN - 02, 04, 06, 08Fourth: ODD - 11 to 99 Serial Number Within each group, the serial numbers (last four (4) digits) run consecutively from 0001 through 9999. These also have no bearing on genealogy research.

Social research methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social methods - Research Proposal Example portant to prevent, control as well as investigate cyber activities in order to protect the informational, financial and other assets of an individual or an organization. The digital assets of individuals and institutions should be protected sufficiently in order to maintain the CIA system of digital information which includes the factors of confidentiality, integrity and availability of digital assets. The information present in the human brains, in transit or stored in physical or digital media needs to be protected to maintain their authenticity and confidentiality. These facts establish the high requirement and relevance of understanding cyber-crime in order to control and prevent these crimes. The research work will be segregated in three categories for the ease of answering the research questions adequately. These categories are the prevention of cyber-crimes, the control of cyber-crimes and the investigation of cyber–crimes. The main terms that can be used to search the empirical literature relevant to this research are cyber-crimes, digital crimes, hacking, cyber frauds, viruses, attacks, cyber security, credit card fraud, identity theft, internet fraud, electronic communications privacy and electronic surveillance. Some relevant literary works in journals, article, newspapers and other publications can be considered for this research. The documents referred to for this research will include but are not limited to the use of books, journals, valid websites, published reports and guidelines. Also, the cyber laws implemented in differ countries for the prevention and investigation of cyber-crimes like the European Laws, The United States Federal laws, The Security Protect Yourself Against Cyber Trespass (SPY) Act , the Information Technology Act , Nigerian Evidence Act, Japan’s Cyber Laws, Indian Cyber Laws, the Cybercrime Act, the Freedom of Information Bill, the Data Protection Act and the Financial Integrity Act would be studied for gaining a